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  \36\ Steven Marshall and Susette Cooke, Tibet Outside the TAR:
Control, Exploitation and Assimilation: Development With Chinese
Characteristics (Washington, DC: self-published CD-ROM, 1997), Table 7,
citing multiple Chinese sources. Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (1.2
million square kilometers, or 463,320 square miles). Qinghai province:
Haibei (Tsojang) TAP (52,000 square kilometers, or 20,077 square
miles), Hainan (Tsolho) TAP (41,634 square kilometers, or 16,075 square
miles), Haixi (Tsonub) Mongol and Tibetan AP (325,787 square
kilometers, or 125,786 square miles), Huangnan (Malho) TAP (17,901
square kilometers, or 6,912 square miles), Guoluo (Golog) TAP (78,444
square kilometers, or 30,287 square miles), and Yushu (Yushul) TAP
(197,791 square kilometers, or 76,367 square miles). Gansu province:
Gannan (Kanlho) TAP (45,000 square kilometers, or 17,374 square miles)
and Tianzhu (Pari) TAC (7,150 square kilometers, or 2,761 square
miles). Sichuan province: Ganzi (Kardze) TAP (153,870 square
kilometers, or 59,409 square miles); Aba (Ngaba) Tibetan and Qiang
Autonomous Prefecture (86,639 square kilometers, or 33,451 square
miles); and Muli (Mili) TAC (11,413 square kilometers, or 4,407 square
miles). Yunnan province: Diqing (Dechen) TAP (23,870 square kilometers,
or 9,216 square miles). The Table provides areas in square kilometers;
conversion to square miles uses the formula provided on the Web site of
the U.S. Geological Survey: one square kilometer = 0.3861 square mile.
Based on data in the Table, the 10 TAPs and 2 TACs have a total area of
approximately 1.04 million square kilometers (402,000 square miles).
The TAR and the Tibetan autonomous prefectures and counties are
contiguous and total approximately 2.24 million square kilometers
(865,000 square miles). Xining municipality and Haidong prefecture,
located in Qinghai province, have a total area of 20,919 square
kilometers, or 8,077 square miles, and are not Tibetan autonomous
areas.
    \37\ Prepared Statement of Lodi Gyaltsen Gyari, Special Envoy of
His Holiness the Dalai Lama, ``The Way Forward on Tibet,'' reprinted in
Center for Strategic and International Studies (Online), 5 March 10. In
his statement, Lodi Gyari refers to ``the Memorandum on Genuine
Autonomy for the Tibetan People that we had presented during the Eighth
Round in November 2008.'' ``Statement of Special Envoy Kasur Lodi
Gyari, Head of the Tibetan Delegation, Following the 8th Round of
Discussions With Representatives of the Chinese Leadership,'' Tibetan
Government-in-Exile (Online), 6 November 08. The eighth round of
dialogue took place in China on October 30 to November 5, 2008. For
analysis of the Memorandum, see CECC, Special Topic Paper: Tibet 2008-
2009, 22 October 09, 17-28.
    \38\ ``Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy for the Tibetan People,''
Tibetan Government-in-Exile (Online), 16 November 08.
 \38\ ``Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy for the Tibetan People,''
Tibetan Government-in-Exile (Online), 16 November 08.
    \39\ For information on the Chinese and Tibetan dialogue positions,
see, e.g., CECC, Special Topic Paper: Tibet 2008-2009, 22 October 09,
13-29; CECC, 2009 Annual Report, 10 October 09, 273-277; ``China
Demands That the Dalai Lama Fulfill Additional Preconditions to
Dialogue,'' Congressional-Executive Commission on China (Online), 17
November 08; Section IV--Tibet: Special Focus for 2007 in CECC, 2007
Annual Report, 10 October 07, 184-191.
    \40\ For more information on the Communist Party's anti-Dalai Lama
campaign and efforts to end the Dalai Lama's influence on Tibetans in
China, see, e.g., CECC, 2009 Annual Report, 10 October 09, 270, 278,
283; CECC, 2008 Annual Report, 31 October 08, 185-186; CECC, 2007
Annual Report, 10 October 07, 192-205; and CECC, 2006 Annual Report, 20
September 06, 83-84.
    \41\ ``The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Hold the
Fifth Tibet Work Forum; Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Deliver Important
Speeches,'' Xinhua, 22 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 25
January 10).
    \42\ The explanation is available in an academic abstract available
on the Web site of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou city, Guangdong
province. Liu Senlin, ``Abstract: Contradictions Within Modern
Dialectics--Reflecting on the Marxist Dialectic Group'' [Maodun de
xiandai xingsi--dui makesizhuyi qunti bianzhengfa de yi zhong sikao],
Sun Yat-sen University (Online), Department of Philosophy, 6 May 03.
(Scroll down the Web page for an English translation.)
    \43\ ``State Council Information Office Holds News Conference on
Contacts and Discussions Between Concerned Central Departments and the
Dalai Lama's Private Representatives,'' Xinhua, 2 February 10
(translated in Open Source Center, 3 February 10). Zhu Weiqun,
Executive Deputy Head of the Party's United Front Work Department, used
the term ``separating the motherland'' (i.e., splittism, separatism) in
listing the Party's principal demands of the Dalai Lama.
   \44\ ``The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Hold the
Fifth Tibet Work Forum; Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Deliver Important
Speeches,'' Xinhua, 22 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 25
January 10).
    \45\ ``Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji Address CPC, State Council Tibet
Work Meeting in Beijing,'' Xinhua, 29 June 01 (translated in Open
Source Center, 29 June 01) (``The CPC Central Committee and the State
Council held the Fourth Tibet Work Forum in Beijing on 25-27 June.'').
    \46\ Cao Deshung, ``Tibet Rail Construction Completed,'' China
Daily (Online), 15 October 05; CECC Staff Analysis. Building several
additional railways through rugged, high-elevation terrain, and paying
costs that may be higher than during the 2001 to 2005 construction
period of the Qinghai-Tibet railway, could reach a total cost that is a
multiple of the cost of the Qinghai-Tibet railway. For information on
planned railways linking Tibetan autonomous areas to adjacent
provincial-level administrative areas, see ``Sichuan-Tibet Railway Work
To Start, Impact May Far Surpass Qinghai-Tibet Railway,'' CECC China
Human Rights and Rule of Law Update, No. 5, 2009, 1; CECC, Special
Topic Paper: Tibet 2008-2009, 22 October 09, 45-51; CECC, 2009 Annual
Report, 10 October 09, 285-286; and CECC, 2008 Annual Report, 31
October 08, 193.
    \47\ CECC, 2008 Annual Report, 31 October 08, 184-185 (``Peaceful
Tibetan protesters called for Tibetan independence, the Dalai Lama's
return to Tibet, the release of the Panchen Lama, and freedom of
religion generally.'').
    \48\ ``China To Achieve Fast-Paced Development, Lasting Stability
in Tibet,'' Xinhua (Online), 23 January 10. The Fifth Forum took place
from January 18 to 20.
    \49\ Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama (Online), ``Press
Statement,'' 25 January 10. According to the January 25 press
statement, the Dalai Lama's envoys would arrive in China ``tomorrow''
(i.e., January 26).
    \50\ ``Press Conference on Central Govt's Contacts With Dalai Lama
(Text),'' China Daily (Online), 11 February 10 (UFWD Deputy Head Zhu
Weiqun: ``This was the longest interval after we resumed contact and
talks in 2002.''). ``China-Dalai Lama Dialogue Round Ends: Party
Restates Hard Line, Tibetans Begin Meeting,'' CECC China Human Rights
and Rule of Law Update, November 2008, 2. The report discusses the
seventh round of dialogue in July 2008 and the eighth round in November
2008. ``Dalai Lama's Envoys To Begin China Visit on May 3,''
Congressional-Executive Commission on China (Online), 5 May 08. The
report lists the first six sessions of dialogue: September 2002, May-
June 2003, September 2004, June-July 2005, February 2006, and June-July
2007. All of the rounds of dialogue took place in China except in 2005,
when the envoys met their counterparts in Bern, Switzerland.
    \51\ ``Du Qinglin Receives Dalai Lama's Private Representatives,''
Xinhua, 1 February 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 1 February
10).
    \52\ For information on the Chinese and Tibetan dialogue positions,
see, e.g., CECC, Special Topic Paper: Tibet 2008-2009, 22 October 09,
13-29; CECC, 2009 Annual Report, 10 October 09, 273-277; ``China
Demands That the Dalai Lama Fulfill Additional Preconditions to
Dialogue,'' Congressional-Executive Commission on China (Online), 30
July 08; Section IV--Tibet: Special Focus for 2007 in CECC, 2007 Annual
Report, 10 October 07, 184-191.
    \53\ ``Statement by Special Envoy of His Holiness the Dalai Lama,
Kasur Lodi Gyari, Head of the Delegation Which Visited China in January
2010,'' Tibetan Government-in-Exile (Online), 2 February 10 (``[The
Chinese side] also provided us with a detailed briefing on recent
developments relating to Tibet, particularly on the important Fifth
Tibet Work Forum.''). ``Press Conference on Central Govt's Contacts
With Dalai Lama (Text),'' China Daily (Online), 11 February 10. UFWD
Deputy Head Zhu Weiqun said that UFWD Head Du Qinglin told the Dalai
Lama's envoys that the ``Fifth National Conference on Work in Tibet''
(Fifth Tibet Work Forum) ``established the strategic target for Tibet
to achieve leap-forward development and long-lasting peace and
stability.''



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