piątek, 18 lutego 2011

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   \70\ Regulation on Religious Affairs [Zongjiao shiwu tiaoli],
issued 30 November 04, effective 1 March 05, art. 17, translated in
China Elections and Governance (Online).
    \71\ Buddhist Association of China, Measures for Confirming the
Credentials of Tibetan Buddhist Professional Religious Personnel [Zang
chuan fojiao jiaozhi renyuan zige rending banfa], issued 8 May 09,
effective 10 January 10, arts. 3, 14. Article 3 lists, among other
things, political prerequisites: ``Support the leadership of the
Chinese Communist Party and the Socialist system, love the country and
love religion, uphold the laws, regulations, rules and policies of the
state, have a clear-cut stance on upholding the unification of the
Motherland, oppose ethnic splittism, and uphold concord between
religions and a harmonious society.'' Article 14 stipulates: ``The
professional religious personnel already confirmed prior to the
implementation of this Measure do not need to perform anew the
confirmation procedures. The `Tibetan Buddhist Professional Religious
Personnel Certificate' may be issued after the professional religious
personnel's Democratic Management Committee had put forth an
examination opinion according to the provisions of Article 3 of this
Measure, reported to the local Buddhist Association for approval, and
reported to the local county-level People's Government Religious
Affairs department for recording.''
    \72\ Ibid., art. 14.
    \73\ ``Tibet To Complete Registration and Record Keeping of Places
of Religious Activities and Qualifications of Living Buddhas This
Year,'' Xinhua, 10 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 11
January 10). According to the article, then-Chairman of the TAR
government, Jampa Phuntsog (Xiangba Pingcuo) ``disclosed'' that
authorities would complete ``registration and record filing of places
of religious activities and the qualifications of living Buddhas, monks
and nuns this year.'' (Chinese officials and media often refer to a
trulku, a teacher whom Tibetan Buddhists believe is part of a lineage
of reincarnations that can span centuries, as a ``living Buddha.'')
    \74\ State Council Information Office, White Paper on Freedom of
Religious Belief in China [Zhongguo de zongjiao xinyang ziyou
zhuangkuang], 16 October 97. ``Currently China has 13,000-some Buddhist
temples and about 200,000 Buddhist monks and nuns. Among them are
120,000 lamas and nuns, more than 1,700 Living Buddhas, and 3,000-some
temples of Tibetan Buddhism and nearly 10,000 Bhiksu and senior monks
and more than 1,600 temples of Pali Buddhism.''
    \75\ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department
of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2009, China (includes
Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau), 26 October 09. According to the report:
``According to the June 21, 2009, People's Daily, there are 3,000
Tibetan Buddhist monasteries with 120,000 monks and nuns in the TAR and
Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces. In the TAR, there are
1,789 religious venues with 46,000 monks and nuns.''
    \76\ The Chinese Government accuses the Dalai Lama of
``splittism,'' a crime under China's Criminal Law. PRC Criminal Law,
enacted 1 July 79, amended 14 March 97, effective 1 October 97, amended
25 December 99, 31 August 01, 29 December 01, 28 December 02, 28
February 05, 29 June 06, 28 February 09, art. 103. CECC Staff
Interview, September 2003. A Chinese judicial official explained that a
photograph of Gedun Choekyi Nyima is illegal because the Chinese
Government had already approved a legal Panchen Lama (Gyaltsen Norbu).
According to the official, disseminating photos of an illegal Panchen
Lama can endanger the sovereignty and unity of the country, and aims to
split the country.
    \77\ P. Jeffrey Hopkins, ``The Identification of the Eleventh
Panchen Lama,'' University of Virginia, Center for South Asian Studies
Newsletter, Fall 1995. ``May 14, 1995. After extensive analysis of over
thirty children is performed, four prophecies are consulted from
oracles, and nine divinations including the dough-ball ritual are
performed, the Dalai Lama formally recognizes a six-year-old boy,
Dedhun [Gedun] Choekyi Nyima, born on April 25, 1989, in the Lhari
District of Nagchu, Tibet, as the eleventh Panchen Lama.''
 \78\ The Welcome message on the home page of the 17th Karmapa
contains this greeting: ``Welcome to the site of H.H. 17th Karmapa
Trinley Thaye Dorje, the spiritual head of the Karma Kagyu tradition of
Tibetan Buddhism.''
    \79\ The Dalai Lama has made a statement on the anniversary of the
1959 Lhasa uprising on March 10 of every year that he has lived in
exile, beginning in 1960. Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
(Online), ``Chronology of Events,'' last visited 1 April 10 (refers to
the March 10, 1959, events as the beginning of the ``Tibetan People's
Uprising''); Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama (Online),
``Statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama on the 51st Anniversary of
the Tibetan National Uprising Day,'' 10 March 10 (title of speech
refers to the March 10, 1959, events as the ``Tibetan People's
Uprising'').
    \80\ Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama (Online), ``Statement of
His Holiness the Dalai Lama on the 51st Anniversary of the Tibetan
National Uprising Day,'' 10 March 10.
    \81\ ``China Says Missing Panchen Lama Is Living in Tibet,''
Associated Press, reprinted in New York Times (Online), 7 March 10.
    \82\ Ibid.
    \83\ ``Baima Chilin: Dalai's Designated So-Called Reincarnation
Soul Boy Is a Victim and Now Lives Like an Ordinary Citizen,'' Xinhua,
7 March 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 8 March 10).
    \84\ ``New Panchen Lama Enthroned at Ceremony, 8 December Events
Summarized,'' Xinhua, 8 December 95 (Open Source Center, 8 December
95). The enthronement ceremony in Rikaze (Shigatse) was on December 8,
1995. ``The ceremony was jointly presided over and monitored by Li
Tieying, the representative of the State Council and a State Councilor,
Gyalcan Norbu [Gyaltsen Norbu], special commissioner and chairman of
the Tibet Autonomous Regional People's Government, and Ye Xiaowen,
special commissioner and director of the State Council's Religious
Affairs Bureau.'' (The Chairman of the TAR government and the boy whom
Chinese officials installed as the Panchen Lama were both named
Gyaltsen Norbu.)
    \85\ ``11th Panchen Lama Makes Debut in China's Political Arena,''
Xinhua (Online), 4 March 10.



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