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    \12\ See, e.g., ``Transcript of Regular News Conference by PRC
Foreign Ministry on 27 March 2008, Moderated by Spokesman Qin Gang,''
Xinhua, 27 March 08 (translated in Open Source Center, 27 March 08)
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs Spokesman Qin Gang: ``Tibet affairs are
China's internal affairs.'' Qin also said, ``I would like to point out
here that the Tibet issue falls entirely within China's internal
affairs and brooks no interference by foreign countries.'').
    \13\ ``The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Hold the
Fifth Tibet Work Forum; Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Deliver Important
Speeches,'' Xinhua, 22 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 25
January 10); ``Communist Party Leadership Outlines 2010-2020 `Tibet
Work' Priorities at `Fifth Forum,' '' CECC China Human Rights and Rule
of Law Update, No. 3, 16 March 10, 2.
    \14\ ``Political Bureau Done Mapping Out New General Strategy for
Governing Tibet,'' Xinhua, 10 January 10 (translated in Open Source
Center, 10 January 10); ``Communist Party Leadership Outlines 2010-2020
`Tibet Work' Priorities at `Fifth Forum,' '' CECC China Human Rights
and Rule of Law Update, No. 3, 16 March 10, 2.
    \15\ ``CPC Central Committee Political Bureau Convenes Meeting To
Study, Promote Work on Tibet's Development by Leaps and Bounds and
Long-Term Order and Stability,'' Xinhua, 8 January 10 (translated in
Open Source Center, 8 January 10).
    \16\ ``Political Bureau Done Mapping Out New General Strategy for
Governing Tibet,'' Xinhua, 10 January 10 (translated in Open Source
Center, 10 January 10); ``Communist Party Leadership Outlines 2010-2020
`Tibet Work' Priorities at `Fifth Forum,' '' CECC China Human Rights
and Rule of Law Update, No. 3, 16 March 10, 2.
    \17\ ``Political Bureau Done Mapping Out New General Strategy for
Governing Tibet,'' Xinhua, 10 January 10 (translated in Open Source
Center, 10 January 10). CECC staff have determined that the phrase
``Tibetan traits'' is more suitable than ``Tibetan characters'' as
provided in the OSC translation. ``Hu Calls for Great Wall of Stability
in Tibet,'' Xinhua (Online), 9 March 09. President Hu Jintao used
similar language in March 2009 when he told Tibetan deputies to the
National People's Congress that the TAR ``must stick to the development
road with Chinese characteristics and Tibetan features.''
    \18\ See, e.g., CECC, Special Topic Paper: Tibet 2008-2009, 22
October 09, 25-28; Section IV--Tibet: Special Focus for 2007 in CECC,
2007 Annual Report, 10 October 07, 187-191; Monitoring Compliance with
Human Rights--Special Focus for 2005: China's Minorities and Government
Implementation of the Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law in CECC, 2005 Annual
Report, 11 October 05, 13-23.
    \19\ ``List of Political Bureau Members of 17th CPC Central
Committee,'' Xinhua (Online), 22 October 07. Of the 25 Politburo
members, one is listed as an ethnic Hui.
    \20\ ``The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Hold the
Fifth Tibet Work Forum; Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Deliver Important
Speeches,'' Xinhua, 22 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 25
January 10); ``Communist Party Leadership Outlines 2010-2020 `Tibet
Work' Priorities at `Fifth Forum,' '' CECC China Human Rights and Rule
of Law Update, No. 3, 16 March 10.
    \21\ ``The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Hold the
Fifth Tibet Work Forum; Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Deliver Important
Speeches,'' Xinhua, 22 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 25
January 10). In addition to Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao, the other seven
members of the Standing Committee are: Chairman of the National
People's Congress Standing Committee Wu Bangguo; Chairman of the
National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative
Conference Jia Qinglin; Head of the Party Leading Group for Publicity
and Ideological Work Li Changchun; Vice President of China Xi Jinping;
Vice Premier of the State Council Li Keqiang; Secretary of the Party
Central Commission for Discipline Inspection He Guoqiang; and Secretary
of the Party Central Committee's Politics and Law Commission Zhou
Yongkang. Xinhua reported that a total of 332 officials representing
the Communist Party and central government, the Tibet Autonomous Region
(TAR), other provincial-level areas, the People's Liberation Army, and
the People's Armed Police attended the meeting.
    \22\ ``Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji Address CPC, State Council Tibet
Work Meeting in Beijing,'' Xinhua, 29 June 01 (translated in Open
Source Center, 29 June 01).
    \23\ Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of
China, Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology
Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics, and Department of Economic
Development, State Ethnic Affairs Commission (Beijing: Ethnic
Publishing House, September 2003). Based on 2000 census data, 87.2
percent of Tibetans were classified as ``rural'' population: Table 1-2
shows the total Tibetan population in 2000 as 5,416,021; Table 1-2a
shows the ``city'' population of Tibetans in 2000 as 221,355; Table 1-
2b shows the ``town'' population of Tibetans in 2000 as 473,467; Table
1-2c shows the ``rural'' population of Tibetans in 2000 as 4,721,199.
    \24\ For more information on the wave of protests (and some
rioting) that began on March 10, 2008, in Lhasa then spread across the
Tibetan areas of China, see Section V--Tibet in CECC, 2008 Annual
Report, 31 October 08, 182-204; ``Protests Fueled by Patriotic
Education Continue Amidst Lockdowns,'' Congressional-Executive
Commission on China (Online), 10 April 08.
    \25\ National Bureau of Statistics of China (Online), China
Statistical Yearbook 2008, last visited 26 March 10, Table 9-21. The
national average per capita net income of rural households in 2007 was
4,140 yuan; the Tibet Autonomous Region average per capita net income
of rural households in 2007 was 2,788 yuan (67 percent of the national
average).
    \26\ ``The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Hold the
Fifth Tibet Work Forum; Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Deliver Important
Speeches,'' Xinhua, 22 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 25
January 10).
    \27\ ``The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Hold the
Fifth Tibet Work Forum; Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Deliver Important
Speeches,'' Xinhua, 22 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 25
January 10). For information on the compulsory settlement of Tibetan
nomadic herders, which, according to the Chinese Government, makes
improved government services available to the herders, see Human Rights
Watch (Online), `` `No One Has the Liberty To Refuse'--Tibetan Herders
Forcibly Relocated in Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and the Tibet Autonomous
Region,'' June 2007.
    \28\ Ibid.
    \29\ ``Tibet Parliament Session Announces Leadership Changes,''
Xinhua (Online), 15 January 10. Xinhua reported that Pema Choling
(Padma Choling, Baima Chilin) was Vice Chairman of the TAR government
until the TAR People's Congress ``unanimously elected'' him to the post
of Chairman of the government. Pema Choling replaced Jampa Phuntsog
(Xiangba Pingcuo) as head of the TAR government. (``Elections'' of
officials by deputies to people's congresses are procedural
formalities, not electoral contests.)
    \30\ ``Tibet Chairman Baima Chilin: It Is Necessary To Continuously
and Vigorously Implement the Strategy of `Making the People Well-Off
and of Invigorating Tibet,' '' Xinhua, 9 March 10 (translated in Open
Source Center, 20 March 10).
    \31\ See, e.g., CECC, Special Topic Paper: Tibet 2008-2009, 22
October 09, 46-53; ``Sichuan-Tibet Railway Work To Start, Impact May
Far Surpass Qinghai-Tibet Railway,'' CECC China Human Rights and Rule
of Law Update, No. 5, 2009, 1.
    \32\ ``China To Achieve Fast-Paced Development, Lasting Stability
in Tibet,'' Xinhua (Online), 23 January 10.
    \33\ ``The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Hold the
Fifth Tibet Work Forum; Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao Deliver Important
Speeches,'' Xinhua, 22 January 10 (translated in Open Source Center, 25
January 10). Xinhua reported that the forum called on ``central
authorities'' to ``provide greater policy support and promote new steps
forward in the development of the Tibetan-inhabited areas in these four
provinces'' and for provincial Party and government officials to
``grasp [Tibet work] as a key task in their respective economic and
social development, and mobilize forces of various quarters of the
whole province to support the development of these areas.''
    \34\ Ibid.
    \35\ Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of
China, Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology
Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics, and Department of Economic
Development, State Ethnic Affairs Commission (Beijing: Ethnic
Publishing House, September 2003), Table 10-4. The following are
figures for the 2000 Tibetan population in the Tibet Autonomous Region
and the Tibetan autonomous prefectures (TAPs) and Tibetan autonomous
counties (TACs) in other provinces. Tibet Autonomous Region
(2,427,168). Qinghai province: Haibei (Tsojang) TAP (62,520); Hainan
(Tsolho) TAP (235,663); Haixi (Tsonub) Mongol and Tibetan AP (40,371);
Huangnan (Malho) TAP (142,360); Guoluo (Golog) TAP (126,395); and Yushu
(Yushul) TAP (255,167). Gansu province: Gannan (Kanlho) TAP (329,278),
and Tianzhu (Pari) TAC, Wuwei prefecture (66,125). Sichuan province:
Ganzi (Kardze) TAP (703,168); Aba (Ngaba) Tibetan and Qiang AP
(455,238); and Muli (Mili) TAC (40,312). Yunnan province: Diqing
(Dechen) TAP (117,099).



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