...
\50\ Wen Linuo, `` `Autonomous Region Informatization Promotion
Regulation (Draft)' Submitted for Deliberation'' [``Zizhiqu xinxihua
cujin tiaoli (cao'an)'' tijiao shenyi], Xinjiang Metropolitan News,
reprinted in China Xinjiang (Online), 23 September 09, paraphrasing the
remarks of XUAR People's Congress Legal Committee Vice Chairman
Abdurazak Tomur.
\51\ Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Informatization Promotion
Regulation [Xinjiang weiwu'er zizhiqu xinxihua cujin tiaoli], issued 25
September 09, effective 1 December 09, art. 41.
\52\ Kashgar District Public Security Bureau, Kashgar District
Procuratorate, Kashgar District Intermediate Court (Online),
``Announcement Concerning Striking Hard in Accordance With Law Against
Using the Internet, Cell Phone, Etc. To Carry Out Criminal Activity''
[Guanyu yifa yanli daji liyong hulianwang, shouji deng jinxing fanzui
huodong de tonggao], 10 March 10.
\53\ Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Regulation on Ethnic Unity
Education [Xinjiang weiwu'er zizhiqu minzu tuanjie jiaoyu tiaoli],
issued 29 December 09, effective 1 February 10. For details on specific
stipulations related to controls over free expression, see, e.g.,
articles 12, 13, 14, 18, 22, and 23, as well as detailed analysis of
the regulation in ``Xinjiang `Ethnic Unity' Regulation Imposes Party
Policy, Restricts Free Expression,'' CECC China Human Rights and Rule
of Law Update, No. 3, 16 March 10, 2.
\54\ Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Regulation on the
Comprehensive Management of Social Order [Xinjiang weiwu'er zizhiqu
shehui zhi'an zonghe zhili tiaoli], issued 21 January 1994, amended 11
December 1997, revised 29 December 09, effective 1 February 10, art.
25. For detailed analysis of the regulation, see ``Revised Social Order
Regulation in Xinjiang Places New Emphasis on State Security,'' CECC
China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update, No. 3, 16 March 10, 3.
\55\ ``Firmly Capture the Cultural Battlefield for Socialist
Thought: Summary of Autonomous Region's 2009 `Sweep Away Pornography
and Strike Down Illegal Publications' Work'' [Laolao zhanling
shehuizhuyi sixiang wenhua zhendi zizhiqu 2009 nian ``saohuang dafei''
gongzuo zongshu], Tianshan Net (Online), 19 January 10.
\56\ ``Firmly Capture the Cultural Battlefield for Socialist
Thought: Summary of Autonomous Region's 2009 `Sweep Away Pornography
and Strike Down Illegal Publications' Work'' [Laolao zhanling
shehuizhuyi sixiang wenhua zhendi zizhiqu 2009 nian ``saohuang dafei''
gongzuo zongshu], Tianshan Net (Online), 19 January 10.
\57\ See, e.g., ``Build a Firm Line of Defense Against Separatism
and Infiltration, Interview With Zhou Huilin, Deputy Director of
National `Sweep Away Pornography and Strike Down Illegal Publications'
Office'' [Gouzhu fan fenlie fan shentou de jiangu fangxian fang quanguo
``saohuang dafei'' bangongshi fuzhuren zhou huilin], Tianshan Net
(Online), 16 December 09; ``National `Sweep Away Pornography and Strike
Down Illegal Publications' `Tianshan Project' Forum Opens in Xinjiang
[Quanguo ``saohuang dafei'' ``tianshan gongcheng'' zuotanhui zai
xinjiang zhaokai], China Press and Publications Net, reprinted in
Liaoning Province Press and Publications Bureau (Online), 25 November
09.
\58\ ``Build a Firm Line of Defense Against Separatism and
Infiltration, Interview With Zhou Huilin, Deputy Director of National
`Sweep Away Pornography and Strike Down Illegal Publications' Office''
[Gouzhu fan fenlie fan shentou de jiangu fangxian fang quanguo
``saohuang dafei'' bangongshi fuzhuren zhou huilin], Tianshan Net
(Online), 16 December 09.
\59\ ``Two Held for Leaks,'' Radio Free Asia (Online), 23 September
09; ``Standoff Over Death in Custody,'' Radio Free Asia (Online), 19
September 09.
\60\ Amnesty International (Online), ``UA 252/09 Risk of Torture.
China: Haji Memet (m), Abdusalam Nasir (m),'' 25 September 09.
\61\ ``Uyghur Held in Leak Case,'' Radio Free Asia (Online), 11
June 10. Based on information reported in the article, the current
status of Haji Memet appears unclear.
\62\ See, e.g., Alexa Olesen, ``China Sentences Uighur Writer to 15
Years in Jail,'' Associated Press, reprinted in Washington Post
(Online), 23 July 10; ``Uyghur Journalist Gets 15 Years,'' Radio Free
Asia (Online), 22 July 10. For information on the charge against him,
see ``Many Scholars Make Appeal: Release Xinjiang Reporter, Respect
Freedom of Speech'' [Zhong xuezhe huyu: shifang xinjiang jizhe zunzhong
yanlun ziyou], Chinese Human Rights Defenders, reprinted in Boxun
(Online), 30 July 10.
\63\ ``Uyghur Webmasters Sentenced,'' Radio Free Asia (Online), 28
July 10; Uyghur American Association (Online), ``Uyghur American
Association Strongly Condemns the Sentencing of Three Uyghur
Webmasters,'' 29 July 10; Andrew Jacobs, ``China Imprisons 3 Men Who
Maintained Uighur Web Sites,'' New York Times (Online), 30 July 10.
\64\ Andrew Jacobs, ``China Imprisons 3 Men Who Maintained Uighur
Web Sites,'' New York Times (Online), 30 July 10.
\65\ Uyghur American Association (Online), ``Uyghur American
Association Strongly Condemns the Sentencing of Three Uyghur
Webmasters,'' 29 July 10. The Uyghur American Association article notes
that the precise dates Nijat Azat and Nureli were taken into detention
are not known. Unidentified men took Dilshat Perhat from his home on
August 7, 2009. In addition, authorities previously had detained
Dilshat Perhat from July 24 until August 2 to interrogate him about
events on July 5. Amnesty International (Online), ``Manchester Student
Appeals for Brother's Release From Detention in China,'' 22 October 09;
``Call for Uyghurs' Release,'' Radio Free Asia (Online), 15 December
09.
\66\ ``Call for Uyghurs' Release,'' Radio Free Asia (Online), 15
December 09; ``Founders of Uyghur Web Sites Such as Diyarim and Selkin
Are Being Detained in `Black Jails' (1)'' [Diyarim we selkin qatarliq
uyghur tor betlirining qurghuchiliri `qara turmiler'de tutup turulmaqta
(1)], Radio Free Asia (Online), 10 December 09; ``Founders of Uyghur
Web Sites Such as Diyarim and Selkin Are Being Detained in `Black
Jails' (2)'' [Diyarim we selkin qatarliq uyghur tor betlirining
qurghuchiliri `qara turmiler'de tutup turulmaqta (2)], Radio Free Asia
(Online), 11 December 09.
\67\ Alexa Olesen, ``Chinese Economist Missing, Apparently
Detained,'' Associated Press, reprinted in Guardian (Online), 9 July
09.
\68\ Amnesty International (Online), `` `Justice, Justice': The
July 2009 Protests in Xinjiang, China,'' 2 July 10, 25; ``Uyghur Web
Moderators Get Life,'' Radio Free Asia (Online), 8 August 10; Uyghur
Human Rights Project (Online), ``Can Anyone Hear Us? Voices From the
2009 Unrest in Urumqi,'' 1 July 10, 16.
\69\ Xinjiang Public Security Department Information Office,
``Those Who Fabricate and Spread Harmful Information Will Be Severely
Punished in Accordance With Law'' [Bianzao chuanbo youhai xinxizhe
jiang yifa yancheng], reprinted in Xinhua (Online), 26 January 10; Li
Qin, ``Public Security Organs at All Levels in Xinjiang Strike Hard
Against Cases of Fabricating and Intentionally Spreading Harmful
Information'' [Xinjiang geji gongan jiguan yanli daji bianzao guyi
chuanbo youhai xinxi anjian], Tianshan Net (Online), 7 February 10;
``Xinjiang Investigates and Handles Over 100 Cases of Fabricating and
Spreading Harmful Information'' [Xinjiang chachu bai yu qi bianzao
chuanbo youhai xinxi an], Tianshan Net, reprinted in Xinhua Bingtuan
Net (Online), 25 February 10.
\70\ ``Creating and Spreading Rumors, Harming Public Rights and
Interests Will Receive Legal Punishment'' [Zaoyao chuanyao weihai
gongmin quanyi yao shou falu chengchu], Xinjiang Legal Daily (Online),
19 May 10.
\71\ For comprehensive reporting on the Forum, see, e.g., Zou
Shengwen and Gu Ruizhen, ``The CPC Central Committee and State Council
Hold Xinjiang Work Conference; Hu Jintao, Wen Jiabao Give Important
Speeches; Zhou Yongkang Gives a Summing-Up Speech; Wu Bangguo, Jia
Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, and He Guoqiang Attend
the Conference,'' Xinhua, 20 May 10 (Open Source Center, 23 May 10).
For information on past development efforts, see, e.g., CECC, 2009
Annual Report, 10 October 09, 263-264.
\72\ Zou Shengwen and Gu Ruizhen, ``The CPC Central Committee and
State Council Hold Xinjiang Work Conference; Hu Jintao, Wen Jiabao Give
Important Speeches; Zhou Yongkang Gives a Summing-Up Speech; Wu
Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, and He
Guoqiang Attend the Conference,'' Xinhua, 20 May 10 (Open Source
Center, 23 May 10). See also Cui Jia and Zhu Zhe, ``Xinjiang Support
Package Unveiled,'' China Daily (Online), 21 May 10.
\73\ See, e.g., Zou Shengwen and Gu Ruizhen, ``The CPC Central
Committee and State Council Hold Xinjiang Work Conference; Hu Jintao,
Wen Jiabao Give Important Speeches; Zhou Yongkang Gives a Summing-Up
Speech; Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang,
and He Guoqiang Attend the Conference,'' Xinhua, 20 May 10 (Open Source
Center, 23 May 10).
\74\ Wang Jing, ``Natural Resource Tax Reformed, Xinjiang Precedes
Others'' [Ziyuan shui gaige xinjiang xianxing], Caixin (Online), 21 May
10.
\75\ See, e.g., Zou Shengwen and Gu Ruizhen, ``The CPC Central
Committee and State Council Hold Xinjiang Work Conference; Hu Jintao,
Wen Jiabao Give Important Speeches; Zhou Yongkang Gives a Summing-Up
Speech; Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang,
and He Guoqiang Attend the Conference,'' Xinhua, 20 May 10 (Open Source
Center, 23 May 10). See also Cui Jia and Zhu Zhe, ``Xinjiang Support
Package Unveiled,'' China Daily (Online), 21 May 10.
\76\ Cui Jia and Zhu Zhe, ``Xinjiang Support Package Unveiled,''
China Daily (Online), 21 May 10. See also Zou Shengwen and Gu Ruizhen,
``The CPC Central Committee and State Council Hold Xinjiang Work
Conference; Hu Jintao, Wen Jiabao Give Important Speeches; Zhou
Yongkang Gives a Summing-Up Speech; Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Li
Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, and He Guoqiang Attend the
Conference,'' Xinhua, 20 May 10 (Open Source Center, 23 May 10).
\77\ Ibid. For more information on the population make-up in the
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, see Xinjiang Production and
Construction Corps (Online), ``Inquiry into Issues Regarding
Development of Bingtuan Units With Ethnic Minority Inhabitants, Against
a Background of Economic Assimilation'' [Jingji ronghe beijing xia
bingtuan shaoshu minzu juju danwei fazhan de xiangguan wenti tantao],
20 April 10; State Council Information Office, White Paper on the
History and Development of Xinjiang, May 2003.
\78\ Cui Jia, ``New Measures To Boost Xinjiang Livelihoods,'' China
Daily (Online), 28 May 10. See Language Policy and Bilingual Education
in this section for more information on bilingual education.
\79\ ``Zhang Chunxian: Focus on Grasping 7 Aspects of Work To
Extend to Xinjiang People'' [Zhang chunxian: zhongdian zhuahao qi
fangmian gongzuo huiji xinjiang renmin], Xinjiang Daily (Online), 28
May 10.
\80\ For examples of the Mandarin focus of bilingual education in
the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, see, e.g., Shen Yaping and Duan
Zhu, ``Results of Xinjiang's Promotion of `Bilingual Education'
Remarkable'' [Xinjiang tuijin ``shuangyu jiaoxue'' chengxiao xianzhu],
Xinjiang Daily, reprinted in Tianshan Net (Online), 7 December 05; Cui
Jia, ``Mandarin Lessons in Xinjiang `Help Fight Terrorism,' '' China
Daily (Online), 4 June 09; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Ethnic
Affairs Commission, ``This Fall Ethnic Minority Language-Track Middle
Schools in Urumchi, Xinjiang, Try `Bilingual' Education'' [Jin qiu
xinjiang wulumuqishi minyuxi chuzhong changshi ``shuangyu'' jiaoxue],
reprinted in State Ethnic Affairs Commission (Online), 9 May 08.
\81\ Li Dehua and Yan Wenlu, ``Xinjiang's Ethnic Minority Students
To Master Putonghua by 2020'' [2020 nian xinjiang shaoshu minzu
xuesheng ke tong guoyu], China News Service, reprinted in China
Xinjiang (Online), 28 May 10.
\82\ See, e.g., PRC Constitution, adopted 4 December 82, amended 12
April 88, 29 March 93, 15 March 99, 14 March 04, art. 4, and PRC
Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law (REAL), enacted 31 May 84, effective 1
October 84, amended 28 February 01, arts. 10, 37. 2005 Implementing
Provisions for the REAL affirm the freedom to use and develop minority
languages, but also place emphasis on the use of Mandarin by promoting
bilingual education and bilingual teaching staff. State Council
Provisions on Implementing the ``PRC Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law''
[Guowuyuan shishi ``zhonghua renmin gongheguo minzu quyu zizhifa''
ruogan guiding], issued 19 May 05, effective 31 May 05, art. 22.
\83\ Jing Bo, ``750,000 Ethnic Minority Students in Xinjiang
Receive `Bilingual' Education'' [Xinjiang 75 wan shaoshu minzu xuesheng
jieshou ``shuangyu'' jiaoxue], Xinjiang Daily, reprinted in Xinhua
(Online), 12 January 10.
\84\ Ibid.
\85\ ``China To Invest Over 5 Billion To Strengthen Xinjiang
`Bilingual' Education'' [Zhongguo jiang touzi yu 50 yi jiaqiang
xinjiang ``shuangyu'' jiaoyu], China News Service, reprinted in NetEase
(Online), 3 December 09; ``Xinjiang Universalizes Ethnic Minority
Preschool Two-Year `Bilingual' Education by 2012'' [2012 Xinjiang puji
shaoshu minzu xueqian liangnian ``shuangyu'' jiaoyu], Tianshan Net
(Online), 12 January 10. See also ``Xinjiang's Ethnic Minority Students
To Master Putonghua by 2020'' [2020 nian xinjiang shaoshu minzu
xuesheng ke tong guoyu], China News Service, reprinted in China
Xinjiang (Online), 28 May 10.
\86\ See citations that follow, as well as, e.g., ``Education
Department 2010 Education Work Meeting Puts Forth New Multipronged
Policy'' [Jiaoyuting 2010 nian jiaoyu gongzuo huiyi chutai duoxiang
xinzheng], Xinjiang Metropolitan Daily, reprinted in Xinhua (Online), 2
February 10.
\87\ CECC, 2009 Annual Report, 10 October 09, 259; Xinjiang
Education Department, Circular Concerning Organization and
Implementation of 2008 Fall Quarter Secondary and Elementary Ethnic
Minority `Bilingual' Teacher Training Project [Guanyu zuzhi shishi 2008
nian qiuji xinjiang zhong xiaoxue shaoshu minzu ``shuangyu'' jiaoshi
peixun gongcheng de tongzhi], issued 5 June 08.
\88\ Zhang Xinjun, ``Xinjiang Implements Free Education for
Students at Teachers Colleges, This Year Plans To Recruit 6000''
[Xinjiang shishi mianfei shifansheng jiaoyu jinnian jihua zhaosheng
6000 ming], Tianshan Net, reprinted in Xinjiang News Service (Online),
3 March 10.
\89\ Du Guanrui, ``Xinjiang To Recruit 66,000 in 2010 College
Entrance Exams'' [Xinjiang 2010 nian gaokao zhaosheng 6.6 wan],
Xinjiang Metropolitan Daily, reprinted in Xinjiang News Service
(Online), 3 March 03.
\90\ ``Xinjiang Government Job Candidates Required To Be
Bilingual,'' Xinhua (Online), 30 April 10; Li Minyan, ``Xinjiang
Government Employees Pass Through Bilingual Barrier Before Taking Up
Posts'' [Xinjiang gongwuyuan shanggang xian guo shuangyu guan],
Xinjiang Metropolitan News, reprinted in Xinhua (Online), 28 April 10.
\91\ See, e.g., ``Autonomous Region's First Term of `Bilingual'
Capacity Strengthening Class Concludes'' [Zizhiqu shou qi ``shuangyu''
nengli qianghua ban jieye], Xinjiang Daily (Online), 17 July 10;
Kashgar District Government (Online), ``Shufu County Carries Out
`Bilingual Exam' for Township and Town Cadres'' [Shufu xian dui
xiangzhen ganbu ``shuangyu'' jinxing kaohe], 12 July 10.
\92\ ``National Population and Family Planning Commission Starts
Series of Operations To Support Xinjiang'' [Guojia renkou jishengwei
qidong zhiyuan xinjiang xilie xingdong], China Population News,
reprinted in National Population and Family Planning Commission
(Online), 3 November 09. For additional analysis, see ``Authorities
Begin New Incentive Initiative To Continue Population Control in
Xinjiang,'' CECC China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update, No. 1, 8
January 10, 2.
\93\ ``State Supports 26 Xinjiang Counties in Starting `Family
Planning Special Rewards Policy' '' [Guojia fuchi xinjiang 26 ge xian
qidong ``jihua shengyu teshu jiangli zhengce''], Xinhua (Online), 2
November 09. For additional analysis, see ``Authorities Begin New
Incentive Initiative To Continue Population Control in Xinjiang,'' CECC
China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update, No. 1, 8 January 10, 2.
\94\ Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Regulation on Population and
Family Planning [Xinjiang weiwu'er zizhiqu renkou yu jihua shengyu
tiaoli], issued 28 November 02, effective 1 January 03, amended 26
November 04 and 25 May 06, art. 15.
\95\ Fang Yunjing and Gao Cong, ``Nuerlan Abudumanjin Calls for
Tighter Control on Population Growth, Sense of Urgency About Growth
Which Is Too Fast," Xinjiang Daily, 20 March 10 (Open Source Center, 23
April 10).
\96\ See, e.g., CECC, 2009 Annual Report, 10 October 2009, 262;
``Xinjiang Focuses on Reducing Births in Minority Areas To Curb
Population Growth,'' CECC China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update,
April 2006, 15-16.
\97\ See Population Planning Policies in this section for more
information.
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